ទំព័រគំរូ:fr-IPA/documentation
This template uses Module:fr-pron to generate the IPA pronunciation of French words or text. If no parameter is provided, it will use the page title. Normally the text should be the standard written form of the text.
Examples[កែប្រែ]
Many tricky cases are handled correctly.
| Text | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| intransitives | IPA: /ɛ̃.tʁɑ̃.zi.tiv/ | |
| château | IPA: /ʃɑ.to/ | |
| accueil | IPA: /a.kœj/ | |
| plomb | IPA: /plɔ̃/ | |
| prudemment | IPA: /pʁy.da.mɑ̃/ | |
| mangeait | IPA: /mɑ̃.ʒɛ/ | |
| baignoire | IPA: /bɛ.ɲwaʁ/ | |
| étudiions | IPA: /e.ty.di.jɔ̃/ | |
| joindre | IPA: /ʒwɛ̃dʁ/ | |
| shopping | IPA: /ʃɔ.piŋ/ | |
| tînmes | IPA: /tɛ̃m/ | |
| Cameroun | IPA: /kam.ʁun/ | -oun is not a nasal vowel |
| prier | IPA: /pʁi.je/ | i before a vowel after Cl and Cr is /ij/ not /j/ |
| truelle | IPA: /tʁy.ɛl/ | u before a vowel after Cl and Cr is /y/ not /ɥ/ |
| bruit | IPA: /bʁɥi/ | but ui is always /ɥi/ |
| troua | IPA: /tʁu.a/ | ou before a vowel after Cl and Cr is /u/ not /w/ |
| trois | IPA: /tʁwa/ | but oi is always /wa/ |
| dresser | IPA: /dʁɛ.se/ | e before ss is usually /ɛ/ |
| essaim | IPA: /e.sɛ̃/ | but initial e before ss is /e/ |
| ressemelez | IPA: /ʁə.sə.m(ə).le/ | and initial ress- is /rəs/ |
| vous ressemelez | IPA: /vu ʁ(ə).sə.m(ə).le/ | note the schwa handling in this and the previous example |
| aimerons | IPA: /ɛm.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| aimerions | IPA: /ɛ.mə.ʁjɔ̃/ | note the schwa handling in this and the previous example |
| ouest | IPA: /wɛst/ | final -st is pronounced by default |
| il est | IPA: /il ɛ/ | but est, es and et are special-cased |
But in some cases it is necessary to use respelling to indicate the correct pronunciation. Example:
| Text | Result | Respelling | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hiver | IPA: /i.ve/ | hiverre | IPA: /i.vɛʁ/ | -r in final -er not pronounced by default |
| fils | IPA: /fil/ | fisse | IPA: /fis/ | another possibility is fiç |
| soixante | IPA: /swak.sɑ̃t/ | soissante | IPA: /swa.sɑ̃t/ | another possibility is soiçante |
| août | IPA: /a.u/ | oute | IPA: /ut/ | |
| mille | IPA: /mij/ | mile | IPA: /mil/ | -ill after a consonant is pronounced by default like fille |
| caoutchouc | IPA: /ka.ut.ʃuk/ | caoutchou | IPA: /ka.ut.ʃu/ | final -c after a vowel is pronounced by default |
| suspect | IPA: /sys.pɛkt/ | suspet | IPA: /sys.pɛ/ | final -ct after a vowel is pronounced by default |
| chaos | IPA: /ʃa.o/ | caos | IPA: /ka.o/ | |
| donc | IPA: /dɔ̃/ | donque | IPA: /dɔ̃k/ | final -c in -nc is not pronounced by default |
| parfum | IPA: /paʁ.fɔm/ | parfun | IPA: /paʁ.fœ̃/ | final -um pronounced by default like maximum |
| shampooing | IPA: /ʃɑ̃.pɔ.wɛ̃/ | shampoing | IPA: /ʃɑ̃.pwɛ̃/ | |
| œufs | IPA: /œf/ | œux | IPA: /ø/ | |
| Vientiane | IPA: /vjɑ̃.tjan/ | Viaintiane | IPA: /vjɛ̃.tjan/ | |
| cowboy | IPA: /kɔw.bwaj/ | cauboille | IPA: /ko.bɔj/ | English loanwords usually require respelling |
| boycotter | IPA: /bwaj.kɔ.te/ | boillcotter | IPA: /bɔj.kɔ.te/ | note that -ill- can be used even before a consonant |
Use |pos=v to indicate that a word is a verb. This currently only affects final -ai, -ent, and -tions.
| Text | Result without pos=v | Result with pos=v | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| aimerai | IPA: /ɛm.ʁɛ/ | IPA: /ɛm.ʁe/ | |
| aiment | IPA: /ɛ.mɑ̃/ | IPA: /ɛm/ | |
| portions | IPA: /pɔʁ.sjɔ̃/ | IPA: /pɔʁ.tjɔ̃/ |
Use the symbols ŏ, eŭ, ă to force the "lax" sounds /ɔ/ /œ/ /a/ in certain circumstances where the "tense" variants /o/ /ø/ /ɑ/ would otherwise be used (see below). These are the opposite of the standard symbols ô, eû, â, which force the "tense" variants.
| Text | Result | Respelling | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sosie | IPA: /so.zi/ | sŏsie | IPA: /sɔ.zi/ | o is /o/ before /z/ |
| putter (respelled "peuter") | IPA: /pø.te/ | peŭter | IPA: /pœ.te/ | eu is /ø/ word-initially and before /t/ |
| aimas | IPA: /ɛ.mɑ/ | aimăs | IPA: /ɛ.ma/ | a is /ɑ/ before final written s, z |
Schwas of various sorts:
- Use ə (a schwa symbol) to force a normal schwa where e would otherwise be interpreted differently (e.g. in -ess-; but note that ress- /rəs/ is special-cased). This may be indicated as mandatory, optional or deleted depending on context, exactly like any other schwa.
- Use (ə) (a schwa in parens) to force an optional schwa.
- Use ĕ to force an always-pronounced schwa.
- Use ė to force a never-pronounced schwa.
| Text | Result | Respelling | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dessous | IPA: /dɛ.su/ | dəssous | IPA: /də.su/ | another possibility is the respelling deçous |
| sens dessus dessous | IPA: /sɑ̃ dɛ.sy dɛ.su/ | sens dəssus dəssous | IPA: /sɑ̃ d(ə).sy d(ə).su/ | shown here as optional, just as normal e would |
| syndrome d'Asperger | IPA: /sɛ̃.dʁɔm d‿as.pɛʁ.ʒe/ | syndrome d'Aspergĕr | IPA: /sɛ̃.dʁɔm d‿as.pɛʁ.ʒəʁ/ | regular ə would also work here |
Use an underscore to break up a set of letters that would be interpreted specially and force the letters on either side to be interpreted on their own. Examples:
| Text | Result | Respelling | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gnou | IPA: /ɲu/ | g_nou | IPA: /ɡnu/ | |
| week-end | IPA: /wə.ɛ.kɑ̃/ | wik-e_nde | IPA: /wi.kɛnd/ | use an underscore between vowel and n to force the n to be fully pronounced |
| sprinter | IPA: /spʁɛ̃.te/ | spri_nter | IPA: /spʁin.te/ | another possibility is the respelling sprineter or sprinėter |
| amuïr | IPA: /a.mɥiʁ/ | amu_ir | IPA: /a.my.iʁ/ | |
| Washington | IPA: /wa.ʃɛ̃.tɔ̃/ | Washing_tonne | IPA: /wa.ʃiŋ.tɔn/ | -ing after consonant is /iŋ/ if final or followed by an underscore |
Use the symbol ‿ to indicate liaison.
| Text | Result | Respelling | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| vous avez | IPA: /vu a.ve/ | vous‿avez | IPA: /vu.z‿a.ve/ |
| s'en aller | IPA: /s‿ɑ̃ a.le/ | s'en‿aller | IPA: /s‿ɑ̃.n‿a.le/ |
| bon ami | IPA: /bɔ̃ a.mi/ | bon‿ami | IPA: /bɔ.n‿a.mi/ |
| pied-à-terre | IPA: /pje.a.tɛʁ/ | pied‿à-terre | IPA: /pje.t‿a.tɛʁ/ |
| premier étage | IPA: /pʁə.mje e.taʒ/ | premier‿étage | IPA: /pʁə.mjɛ.ʁ‿e.taʒ/ |
| peut-être | IPA: /pø.ɛtʁ/ | peut‿être | IPA: /pø.t‿ɛtʁ/ |
| neuf ans | IPA: /nœf ɑ̃/ | neuf‿ans | IPA: /nœ.v‿ɑ̃/ |
| beaux-arts | IPA: /bo.aʁ/ | beaux‿arts | IPA: /bo.z‿aʁ/ |
| jouent-ils, pos=v | IPA: /ʒu.il/ | jouent‿ils, pos=v | IPA: /ʒu.t‿il/ |
Many more examples can be found in Module:fr-pron/testcases.
Parameters[កែប្រែ]
|1=, |2=, etc. are used to indicate one or more pronunciations, possibly respelled. See examples above for how this respelling works. An omitted parameter defaults to the pagename. You can indicate multiple pronunciations, e.g.
|pos=v indicates that a word in the text is a verb, and controls the handling of certain endings (-ai, -ent, -tions); see examples above.
You can tag any pronunciation with a qualifier using |qual=, |qual2=, etc. and a reference using |n=, |n2=, etc., as with {{IPA}}.
Details[កែប្រែ]
Consonants[កែប្រែ]
- b is normally /b/, but:
- It is silent in final -mb(s).
- It is /p/ in the sequence bs (obstacle).
- c is normally /k/, but:
- ç is always /s/.
- d is /d/, but:
- It is silent in final -d and -ds. -ied(s) is /je/ (pied, assieds, etc.).
- f is always /f/.
- g is normally /ɡ/ (note, this is a special IPA character, not the normal g character), except:
- g is /ʒ/ before a front vowel, i.e. e, i, y, æ, ə or accented versions of these; also œ, except in the sequence œu (Argœuves with /ɡ/). To get a hard g before a front vowel, write gu; to get a soft g before a back vowel, write j; to get a pronounced gu before a front vowel, write gü.
- gn is /ɲ/. To get /ɡn/, write g_n.
- ទំព័រគំរូ:anchor ng is /ŋ/ (as in parking, shopping) in the sequence consonant+ing when word-finally, before final s, or before _. Use _ to get ing -> /iŋ/ elsewhere in a word, e.g. respell Washington as Washing_tonne and swinguer as swing_guer. Note that vowel+ing (as in poing) is interpreted by the next rule.
- Final g(s) is silent, as in rang, long, seing, joug and plurals.
- g is silent in the sequence ngt, as in vingt.
- h is normally silent. Note:
- ch, sh, sch, ssh are /ʃ/, except that initial désh- is /dez/ (déshonorer, déshabitué).
- ph is /f/.
- h between vowels prevents conversion of /i/ and /y/ into glides (as in nihilisme, jihad respelled djihade), but does not have a similar effect on /u/ (hence souhaite is rendered as /swɛt/).
- ទំព័រគំរូ:anchor nh is treated as if spelled n (as in inhérent, anhédonie), except in word-initial enh-, rendered as /ɑ̃/ (as in enhardir, enhaché, enhucher). For words where the h is "mute" and the enh- needs to be rendered as /ɑ̃n/ (enharmonie, enherber), use a respelling beginning with enn-.
- Word-initial eu- is normally rendered as /ø/, but word-initial h blocks this, hence euro is /ø.ro/ but heureux is /œ.rø/.
- j is always /ʒ/.
- k is always /k/.
- l is /l/, except:
- ill is /j/ after a vowel (faillir), /ij/ after a consonant fille, and /il/ word-initially illustrer. This applies regardless of what follows, which is useful in respellings (e.g. boycotter can be respelled boillcotter to get /bɔj.kɔ.te/). An exception is the sequence uill following a consonant, which is rendered /ɥij/ (as in juillet, cuillère) rather than expected */yj/. Note that many words having ill after a consonant are pronounced with /il/ rather than /ij/ (mille, village, tranquillité), and will need respelling using il.
- The sequence oil is /wal/ (poil), unless another l follows (to allow respellings like cauboille /ko.bɔj/ for cowboy).
- Otherwise, word-final il(s) is /j/ after a vowel (travail, orteil), /il/ otherwise (ils, avril, profil).
- In the sequence vowel+il+consonant, il is rendered as /j/; this is an alternative way to get /j/ in respellings.
- Special cases:
- m is /m/, except that it normally indicates nasalization when preceding b, p, or f (tomber, imprimer, symphonie), and also in the word-final sequences om(s), aim(s), eim(s) (faim, Reims, nom). Exceptions and special cases:
- The sequence oum represents /um/ (schtroumpf), not a nasal vowel.
- Word-final um(s) represents /ɔm/ (maximum, album).
- n is normally /n/, but usually indicates nasalization when following a vowel and not preceding a vowel or another n. Exceptions and special cases:
- The sequence oun represents /un/ (Cameroun, Bouroundi), not a nasal vowel.
- Word-final ing(s) after a consonant represents /iŋ/ (parking, shopping). See the entry for g above for the precise rules.
- nh is rendered as /n/ except in word-initial enh-. See the entry for h above for the precise rules.
- p is /p/, except:
- q and qu are always /k/. To represent a pronounced u, use ü if pronounced /ɥ/ (as in aquifère, ubiquité), and w if pronounced /w/ (as in adéquat, équanimité, squatter).
- r is /ʁ/, but is silent in final -er(s), which is rendered /e/ (aimer, volontiers, dîners, papiers). Exception: -er(s) in single-syllable words (cher, vers) is rendered /ɛʁ/. Words with pronounced final -er(s) in multisyllabic words will need respelling with -erre, e.g. travers, tiers.
- s is normally /s/, but:
- It is /z/ between vowels and silent word-finally.
- Words where s between vowels is /s/ (asocial, susurrer) will need respelling with ç, ss or (if before a front vowel) c. (Be careful with respelling using ss, as it may change the interpretation of a preceding e.)
- Words where final s is pronounced (ours, métis, sens) will need respelling (e.g. ourse/ource/ourss/ourç/etc., métisse, sense).
- sh, sch, ssh are /ʃ/, except that initial désh- is /dez/ (déshonorer, déshabitué).
- In initial trans- and intrans- preceding a vowel, s is /z/.
- ទំព័រគំរូ:anchor The words es and est are rendered as if spelled ès and èt, respectively (i.e. they will be rendered as /ɛ/ except in a liaison context).
- Except in the word est, final -st is pronounced (ouest, podcast, permafrost).
- t is normally /t/, but:
- Word-final t(s) is silent except in st(s) (ouest, podcasts, permafrost) and ct(s) (correct, compact); but it **is** silent in nct(s) (instinct, succinct). The word est is handled specially; see above for details. Note that final -et(s) is rendered /ɛ/ (effet, filets).
- t in the sequences tion (portion, national, sélection), tien (martien, quotient, patience), tial (partial, initialiser), tiel (présidentiel, substantiellement) is pronounced /s/, except when those sequences come at the beginning of a word (tien, tiens) or directly follow s, x or ç (combustion, questionnaire, admixtion). To force a /t/ in these sequences, insert an underscore after the t, e.g. cation spelled cat_ion, chrétien spelled crét_ien.
- As an exception to the above rule, final -tions is rendered with /t/ not /s/ when
|pos=v(portions, collections with final /sjɔ̃/ as plural nouns, but final /tjɔ̃/ as present subjunctive verbs).
- v is always /v/.
- w is always /w/.
- x is normally /ks/, but:
- Word-final x is silent after i and u (prix, paix, chevaux, deux, bijoux). It is pronounced after other letters (inox, latex, Max).
- Word-initial x is /ɡz/ (xénon, xylophone).
- x is also /ɡz/ in the following circumstances: word-initial ex- (exister, examen), word-initial hex- (hexane), word-initial inex- (inexorable), and -ex- after a vowel (coexister, réexaminer).
- z is normally /z/, but:
Vowels[កែប្រែ]
- a is /a/, except that it is /ɑ/ before final -s and -z.
- (continue to fill in)